Marine Mammal Cognition

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Allen, C. & Bekoff M. (1997). Species of Mind : the philosophy and biology of cognitive ethology. The MIT press

Altes, R. A. Sonar for generalized target description and its similarity to animal echolocation systems. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1976 Jan; 59(1):97-106.

Anderson, J. R. Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions. Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):239-43.

Au, W. W. and Martin, D. W. Insights into dolphin sonar discrimination capabilities from human listening experiments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1989 Nov; 86(5):1662-70.

Au, W. W. and Pawloski, D. A. A comparison of signal detection between an echolocating dolphin and an optimal receiver. Journal of Comparative Physiology[A]. 1989 Jan; 164(4):451-8.

Au, W. W. Application of the reverberation-limited form of the sonar equation to dolphin echolocation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1992 Oct; 92(4 Pt 1):1822-6.

Au, W. W.; Andersen, L. N.; Rasmussen, A. R.; Roitblat, H. L., and Nachtigall, P. E. Neural network modeling of a dolphin's sonar discrimination capabilities. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1995 Jul; 98(1):43-50.

Au, W. W.; Floyd, R. W.; Penner, R. H., and Murchison, A. E. Measurement of echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus Montagu, in open waters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1974 Oct; 56(4):1280-90.

Au, W. W.; Moore, P. W., and Pawloski, D. A. Detection of complex echoes in noise by an echolocating dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1988 Feb; 83(2):662-8.

Au, W. W.; Moore, P. W., and Pawloski, D. Echolocation transmitting beam of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1986 Aug; 80(2):688-91.

Au, W.W.L, and Nachtigall, P.E. (1997) Acoustics of echolocating dolphins and small whales. Marine and Freshwater Physiology and Behavior, 29, 127-162

Au, W.W.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. (1994) Dolphin Acoustics and Echolocation. Acoustical Bulletin (August-September Issue).

Au, W.W.L. and Nachtigall P.E. Artificial neural network modeling of dolphin echolocation. In: Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals. R. A. Kastelein, J.A. Thomas, and P.E. Nachtigall (Eds), 1995, 183-201.

Au, W.W.L., Anderson, L,. Rasmussen, A., Roitblat, H.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. (1995) Neural network modeling of a dolphin's sonar discrimination capabilities. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America., 98, 43-50.

Au, W.W.L., Nachtigall, P.E., and Pawloski, J.L. (1997)Acoustic effects of the ATOC signal (75 Hz, 195 dB) on dolphins and whales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America., 101, 2973-2977.

Au, W.W.L., Pawloski, J.L, Nachtigall, P.E., Blonz, M.E. and Gisiner, R.C. (1995) Echolocation signals and transmission beam pattern of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America., , 98, 51-59.

Aubauer, R. and Au, W. W. Phantom echo generation: a new technique for investigating dolphin echolocation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Sep; 104(3 Pt 1):1165-70.

Aubauer, R.; Au, W. W.; Nachtigall, P. E.; Pawloski, D. A., and DeLong, C. M. Classification of electronically generated phantom targets by an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2000 May; 107(5 Pt 1):2750-4.

Babushina, E. S. [Sound reception in marine mammals depending on sound parameters and conduction pathways]. Biofizika. 1999 Nov-1999 Dec 31; 44(6):1101-8.

Bagdonas, A.; Bel'kovich, V. M., and Krushinskaia, N. L. [Analyzer interaction in dolphins to different geometric figures under water]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1970 Sep-1970 Oct 31; 20(5):1070-5.

Beach III, F. A., R. L. Pepper, J. V. Simmons, Jr., P. A. Siri, and P. E. Nachtigall (1974) Spatial habit reversal in two species of marine mammals. Psychological Record, 24, 385-391.

Brecht, M.; Preilowski, B., and Merzenich, M. M. Functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae. Behavioral and Brain Research. 1997 Mar; 84(1-2):81-97.

Brill, R. L.; Pawloski, J. L.; Helweg, D. A.; Au, W. W., and Moore, P. W. Target detection, shape discrimination, and signal characteristics of an echolocating false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1992 Sep; 92(3):1324-30.

Caldwell, M. C. and Caldwell, D. K. Individualized whistle contours in bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Nature. 1965 (July) ; 207.

Colbert, D. & Bauer G. Two west indian manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Third quarter 1999; 18-21.

Colgrove, G. S., T. R. Sawa, J. T. Brown, R. F. McDowell, and P. E. Nachtigall (1975) Necrotic stomatitis in a dolphin. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 11, 460-464.

Dawson, W. W., J. P. Schroeder, J. C. Dawson, and P. E. Nachtigall(1992) Cyclic ocular hypertension in cetaceans, Marine Mammal Science 8(2): 135-142.

Dawson, W. W., P. E. Nachtigall, J. C. Dawson, G. M. Hope, and J. P. Schroeder (1992) Cetacean lens-zones of discontinuity-indices of health and development, Marine Mammal Science, 8(4): 379-386.

Deecke, V. B.; Ford, J. K., and Spong, P. Quantifying complex patterns of bioacoustic variation: use of a neural network to compare killer whale (Orcinus orca) dialects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1999 Apr; 105(4):2499-507.

Dehnhardt, G. Tactile size discrimination by a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) using its mystacial vibrissae. Journal of Comparative Physiology[A]. 1994 Dec; 175(6):791-800.

Dolphin, W.F., Au, W.W.L., Nachtigall, P.E. and Pawloski, J.L. (1995) Modulation rate transfer functions to low frequency carriers by three species of cetaceans, Journal of Comparative Physiology A, , 177, 235-245.

Domenici, P.; Batty, R. S.; Simila, T., and Ogam E. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling herring (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: kinematic analyses of field observations. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2000 Jan; 203 Pt 2:283-94.

Fless, D. A.; Starodubtsev, Y. u. D., and Starodubtseva, E. M. Capacity of bottle-nosed dolphins for generalization based on a relative sign. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 1991 Mar-1991 Apr 30; 21(2):166-72.

Forestell P.H., Herman (1988). Delayed Matching of Visual Materials by a Bottlenosed Dolphin Aided by Auditory Symbols. Animal learning and behavior, 16, 137-146.

Freitag, J.; Ludwig, G.; Andreini, I.; Rossler, P., and Breer, H. Olfactory receptors in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Comparative Physiology[A]. 1998 Nov; 183(5):635-50.

Freitag, L. E. and Tyack, P. L. Passive acoustic localization of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin using whistles and echolocation clicks. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1993 Apr; 93(4 Pt 1):2197-205.

Friedl, W. A., P. E. Nachtigall, P. W. Moore, N. K. W. Chun, J. E. Haun, R. W. Hall, and J. L. Richards (1990) Taste reception in the Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus gilli) and the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). In: Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: Laboratory and Field Evidence. J. A. Thomas and R. A. Kastelein (Eds), 1990, Plenum Press, New York.

Gallup, G. G. Jr. Mirrors, minds, and cetaceans. Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):226-8.

Gaunaurd, G. C.; Brill, D.; Huang, H.; Moore, P. W., and Strifors, H. C. Signal processing of the echo signatures returned by submerged shells insonified by dolphin "clicks:" active classification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Mar; 103(3):1547-57.

Gibson, E. J. The development of perception as an adaptive process. American Science. 1970 Jan-1970 Feb 28; 58(1):98-107.

Harley, H., Roitblat, H.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. (1997) Object representation in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Integration of visual and echoic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 22 (2), 164-174.

Hart, D. and Whitlow, J. W. Jr. The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin. Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):244-7.

Haun, J. E. and P. E. Nachtigall Artificial Intelligence and Bionics Workshop Report, Technical Report 1003, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California, November 1985.

Heath, M. E. and Ridgway, S. H. How dolphins use their blubber to avoid heat stress during encounters with warm water. American of Journal Physiology. 1999 Apr; 276(4 Pt 2):R1188-94.

Helweg, D. A.; Roitblat, H. L.; Nachtigall, P. E., and Hautus, M. J. Recognition of aspect-dependent three-dimensional objects by an echolocating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of Experimental Psychology and Animal Behavioral Process. 1996 Jan; 22(1):19-31.

Helweg, D.A., Au, W.W.L., Roitblat, H.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. (1996) Acoustic basis for recognition of aspect-dependent three-dimensional targets by an echolocating bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99 (1) 2409-2420.

Helweg, D.A., Herbert L. Roitblat, Paul E. Nachtigall, Michael J. Hautus (1996) Recognition of aspect-dependent three-dimensional objects by an echolocating Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 22, 19-31.

Helweg, D.A., Roitblat H.L., Nachtigall, P.E., Au, W.W.L., and Irwin, R.J. Discrimination of echoes from aspect dependent targets by a bottlenose dolphin and human listeners. In: Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals. R. A. Kastelein, J.A. Thomas, and P.E. Nachtigall (Eds), 1995 , 129-136.

Helweg, D.A., Roitblat, H.L., and Nachtigall P.E. Using a Neural Network to Model Dolphin Echolocation. In: Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems. N. Kasabov (Ed) IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, 1993, 247-251.

Herman L.M. 1990. Sensory abilities of dolphins in visually-guided tasks. Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans, 455-462.

Herman, L. M. and Forestell, P. H. Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Revue. 1985 Winter; 9(4):667-81.

Herman, L. M.; Abichandani, S. L.; Elhajj, A. N.; Herman, E. Y.; Sanchez, J. L., and Pack, A. A. Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referential character of the human pointing gesture. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1999 Dec; 113(4):347-64.

Herman, L. M.; Morrel-Samuels, P., and Pack, A. A. Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language. Journal of Experimental Psychology General. 1990 Jun; 119(2):215-30.

Herman, L. M.; Pack, A. A., and Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M. Seeing through sound: dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1998 Sep; 112(3):292-305.

Herman, L. M.; Richards, D. G., and Wolz, J. P. Comprehension of sentences by bottlenosed dolphins. Cognition. 1984 Mar; 16(2):129-219.

Herman, L.M (1980). Cognitive characteristics of dolphins. In Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and Functions (Ed. L.M. Herman) Wile-Interscience New York.

Herman, L.M. 1991. What the dolphin knows, or might know, in its natural world. Pages 349-363 in K. Pryor and K.S. Norris, eds. Dolphin societies: Discoveries and puzzles. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Herman, L.M., Forestell, P.H. (1985). Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 9:667-681.

Herman, L.M., Morrel-Samuels, P., Pack, A.A. (1990). Bottlenose dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language. Journal of Experimental Psychology 119(2):215-230.

Herman, L.M., Pack, A.A., Morrel-Samuels, P. (1993) Representational and conceptual skills of dolphins. In Roitblat, H.L., Herman, L.M., & Nachtigall, P.E. (Eds.). Language and Communication: Comparative perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 403-442.

Herman, L.M., Pack, A.A., & Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M. (1998). Seeing trough sound: Dolphins perceive the spatial structure of objects trough echolocation. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112, 292-305

Herman, L.M., Pack, A.A., Wood, A.M. (1994). Bottlenose dolphins can generalize rules and develop abstract concepts. Marine Mammal Science 101(1):70-80.

Hof, P. R.; Glezer, I. I.; Archin, N.; Janssen, W. G.; Morgane, P. J., and Morrison, J. H. The primary auditory cortex in cetacean and human brain: a comparative analysis of neurofilament protein-containing pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1992 Oct 26; 146(1):91-5.

Houser, D. S.; Helweg, D. A., and Moore, P. W. Classification of dolphin echolocation clicks by energy and frequency distributions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1999 Sep; 106(3 Pt 1):1579-85.

Hubbard, R. C. and Poulter, T. C. Seals and sea lions as models for studies in comparative biology. Laboratory Animal Care. 1968 Apr; 18(2):Suppl:288-97.

Janik, V. M. Dehnhardt, G. and Todt, D. Signature whistle variations in a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 1994 ; 35:243-248.

Kastak, D. and Schusterman, R. J. Low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: methods, measurements, noise, and ecology. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Apr; 103(4):2216-28.

Kastak, D.; Schusterman, R. J.; Southall, B. L., and Reichmuth, C. J. Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1999 Aug; 106(2):1142-8.

Kastak, D.A., and Schusterman, R.J. 1992. Comparative cognition in marine mammals : A clarification on match-to-sample tests. Marine Mammal Science, 8(4): 414-417.

Kastelein R.A., Herremans A.H.J, Nieuwstraten S.H., and Wiepkema P.R. (1995). Working memory of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) for the 2 choice location of a 2-dimensional black stimulus. Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals : 561-577.

Kastelein R.A., Mosterd P., and Vaughan N. (1992). Cognition and decision making by a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in visual discrimination tests. Marine Mammal Sensory Systems: 685-700.

Kastelein, R., J.A. Thomas, and P.E. Nachtigall (1996) Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals. DeSpil Publishers, Woerden, The Netherlands, 588 pp.

Kellog, W.N., Rice, C.E. (1966) Visual discrimination and problem solving in a bottlenosed dolphin. In: Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises (K.S. Norris. Ed.), Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kilian, A. Von Fersen L. & Güntürkün, O. Lateralization of visuospatial processing in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Behavioral Brain Research. 2000 ; 116:211-215.

Krushinskii, L. V.; Dashevskii, B. A.; Krushinskaia, N. L., and Dmitrieva, I. L. [Capability of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu) to operate by empirical dimensions of figures]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972 May 21; 204(3):755-8.

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Lang, T. and Smith, H. A. P. Communication between dolphins in separate tanks by way of an electronic acoustic link. Science. 1965 (December) ; 150:1839-1843.

Ladygina, T. F.; Mass, A. M., and Supin, A. I. a. [Multiple sensory projections in the dolphin cerebral cortex]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1978 Sep-1978 Oct 31; 28(5):1047-53.

Loveland, K. A. Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations. Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):254-7.

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Marten, K. and Psarakos, S. Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):205-24.

Marten, K.; Shariff, K.; Psarakos, S., and White, D. J. Ring bubbles of dolphins. Science American. 1996 Aug; 275(2):82-7.

Mauck, B. and Dehnhardt, G. Mental rotation in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1997 May; 200 ( Pt 9):1309-16.

McCowan, B.; Marino, L.; Vance, E.; Walke, L., and Reiss, D. Bubble ring play of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): implications for cognition. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2000 Mar; 114(1):98-106.

McCowan, B. and Reiss, D. Whistle contour development in captive-born infant bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): role of learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1995 ; 109(3):242-260.

Mercado E., Murray S.O., Uyeyama R.K., Pack A.A., Herman L.M. (1998). Memory for recent actions in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Repetition of arbitrary behaviors using an abstract rule. Animal learning and behavior, 26(2), 210-218.

Miller, E. H. Social behaviour between adult male and female new zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson) during the breeding season. Aust J Zool. 1974 May; 22(2):155-73.

Mitchell, R. W. Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation. Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):229-34.

Mobley, R.J., and Helweg D.A. (1990). Visual ecology and cognition in cetaceans. Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: 519-536.

Mohl, B., Au, W.W.L., Pawloski, J.L. and Nachtigall, P.E. (1999) Dolphin hearing: Relative sensitivity as a function of point of application of a contact sound source in the jaw and head region. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.. 105, 3421-3424

Moore, P. W. B., R. W. Hall, W. A. Friedl, and P. E. Nachtigall (1984) The critical interval in dolphin echolocation: What is it ? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America., 76, 314-317.

Moore, P. W. Underwater localization of click and pulsed pure-tone signals by the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1975 Feb; 57(2):406-10.

Moore, P. W., H. L. Roitblat, R. H. Penner and P. E. Nachtigall (1991) Recognizing successive dolphin echoes with an integrator gateway network. Neural Networks, 4, 701-709.

Murray, S. O.; Mercado, E., and Roitblat, H. L. The neural network classification of false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) vocalizations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Dec; 104(6):3626-33.

Nachtigall, P. E. and P. W. B. Moore (1988) Animal Sonar: Processes and Performance. Plenum Press, New York, 862 pp.

Nachtigall, P. E. and R. Hall Taste Reception in the Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).(1985) Acta Zoologica Fennica , 172:147-148.

Nachtigall, P. E. (1969) Visual size discrimination in the East Asian Clawless Otter (Amblyonyx cineria) in air and under water. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Biological Sonar and Diving Mammals, Stanford Research Institute Press, 6, 83-86.

Nachtigall, P. E. (1971) Spatial discrimination and reversal based on differential magnitude of reward in the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on Biological Sonar and Diving Mammals. Stanford Research Institute Press, 8, 67-71.

Nachtigall, P. E. (1980) Bibliography of Echolocation Papers on Aquatic Mammals published between 1966 and 1978. In: Animal Sonar Systems (R. G. Busnel and J. F. Fish Eds.) Plenum Press: New York.

Nachtigall, P. E. (1980) Echolocation Sameness-Difference Discrimination by the Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America., 68, S98.

Nachtigall, P. E. (1980) Odontocete Echolocation Performance on Object size, Shape, and Material. In: Animal Sonar Systems (R. G. Busnel and J. F. Fish Eds.) Plenum Press: New York.

Nachtigall, P. E., A. E. Murchison, and W. Au(1978) Discrimination of solid cylinders and cubes by a blindfolded echolocating bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Acoustical Society of America, the 64, S87.

Nachtigall, P. E., A. E. Murchison, and W. W. L. Au (1980) Discrimination by an Echolocating Blindfolded Bottlenosed Dolphin. In: Animal Sonar Systems (R. G. Busnel and J. F. Fish Eds.) Plenum Press: New York.

Nachtigall, P. E. Book Review: Sensory abilities of cetaceans: Laboratory and field evidence, (1993).J. Thomas and R. Kastelein (Eds), Marine Mammal Science, 9,(1):112-114.

Nachtigall, P. E. Food-Intake and Food-Rewarded Instrumental Performance in Dolphins as a Function of Feeding Schedule. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hawaii, May 1976.

Nachtigall, P. E., J. L. Pawloski, J. P. Schroeder, and S. Sinclair (1990) Successful maintenance and research with a formerly stranded Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), Aquatic Mammals, 16(1) 8-13.

Nachtigall, P. E. Vision, Audition, and Chemoreception in Dolphins and other Marine Mammals. In: Dolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparative approach. R. J. Schusterman, F. G. Wood, and J. Thomas (Eds.) 1986, Erlbaum, New York.

Nachtigall, P.E., Au, W.W.L., Pawloski, J.L. and Moore, P.W.B. Risso's dolphin hearing thresholds in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. In: Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals. R. A. Kastelein, J.A. Thomas, and P.E. Nachtigall (Eds), 1996, 49-55.

Nachtigall, P.E. (1990) Book Review: Biology of the genus cephalorhynchus, Aquatic Mammals, 16(3) 92-95.

Nachtigall, P.E., Au, W.W.L., Pawloski, J.L., and Roitblat, H.L. (1994) Animal echolocation and signal processing. Oceans 94: Proceedings of the IEEE., I, 259-263.

Nachtigall, P.E., Lemonds, D.W., and Roitblat, H. L. (In Press) Psychoacoustic Studies of Whale and Dolphin Hearing. In: Au, W.W.L, Popper, A.N. and Fay R.J. (eds) Hearing By Whales, Springer-Verlag, New York.

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Pack, A. A. and Herman, L. M. Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin: immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1995 Aug; 98(2 Pt 1):722-33.

Pennisi, E. In nature, animals that stop and start win the race. Science. 2000 Apr 7; 288(5463):83-5.
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Popov, V. V. and Supin, A. Y. Auditory evoked responses to rhythmic sound pulses in dolphins. Journal of Comparative Physiology[A]. 1998 Oct; 183(4):519-24.

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Reiss, D. and Marino, L. Self-view television as a test of self-awareness: only in the eye of the beholder? Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 Jun; 4(2):235-8.

Reiss, D. and McCowan, B. Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for vocal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1993 Sep; 107(3):301-12.

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Renouf, D. Sensory function in the harbor seal. Science American. 1989 Apr; 260(4):90-5.

Revishchin, A. V. and Garey, L. J. Neuronal morphology in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J Hirnforsch. 1993; 34(1):25-34.

Richards, D. G.; Wolz, J. P., and Herman, L. M. Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1984 Mar; 98(1):10-28.

Ridgway, S. H. and Carder, D. A. Hearing deficits measured in some Tursiops truncatus, and discovery of a deaf/mute dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1997 Jan; 101(1):590-4.

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